class Akismet_REST_API { /** * Register the REST API routes. */ public static function init() { if ( ! function_exists( 'register_rest_route' ) ) { // The REST API wasn't integrated into core until 4.4, and we support 4.0+ (for now). return false; } register_rest_route( 'akismet/v1', '/key', array( array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::READABLE, 'permission_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'privileged_permission_callback' ), 'callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'get_key' ), ), array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::EDITABLE, 'permission_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'privileged_permission_callback' ), 'callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'set_key' ), 'args' => array( 'key' => array( 'required' => true, 'type' => 'string', 'sanitize_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'sanitize_key' ), 'description' => __( 'A 12-character Akismet API key. Available at akismet.com/get/', 'akismet' ), ), ), ), array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::DELETABLE, 'permission_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'privileged_permission_callback' ), 'callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'delete_key' ), ) ) ); register_rest_route( 'akismet/v1', '/settings/', array( array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::READABLE, 'permission_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'privileged_permission_callback' ), 'callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'get_settings' ), ), array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::EDITABLE, 'permission_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'privileged_permission_callback' ), 'callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'set_boolean_settings' ), 'args' => array( 'akismet_strictness' => array( 'required' => false, 'type' => 'boolean', 'description' => __( 'If true, Akismet will automatically discard the worst spam automatically rather than putting it in the spam folder.', 'akismet' ), ), 'akismet_show_user_comments_approved' => array( 'required' => false, 'type' => 'boolean', 'description' => __( 'If true, show the number of approved comments beside each comment author in the comments list page.', 'akismet' ), ), ), ) ) ); register_rest_route( 'akismet/v1', '/stats', array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::READABLE, 'permission_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'privileged_permission_callback' ), 'callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'get_stats' ), 'args' => array( 'interval' => array( 'required' => false, 'type' => 'string', 'sanitize_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'sanitize_interval' ), 'description' => __( 'The time period for which to retrieve stats. Options: 60-days, 6-months, all', 'akismet' ), 'default' => 'all', ), ), ) ); register_rest_route( 'akismet/v1', '/stats/(?P[\w+])', array( 'args' => array( 'interval' => array( 'description' => __( 'The time period for which to retrieve stats. Options: 60-days, 6-months, all', 'akismet' ), 'type' => 'string', ), ), array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::READABLE, 'permission_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'privileged_permission_callback' ), 'callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'get_stats' ), ) ) ); register_rest_route( 'akismet/v1', '/alert', array( array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::READABLE, 'permission_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'remote_call_permission_callback' ), 'callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'get_alert' ), 'args' => array( 'key' => array( 'required' => false, 'type' => 'string', 'sanitize_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'sanitize_key' ), 'description' => __( 'A 12-character Akismet API key. Available at akismet.com/get/', 'akismet' ), ), ), ), array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::EDITABLE, 'permission_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'remote_call_permission_callback' ), 'callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'set_alert' ), 'args' => array( 'key' => array( 'required' => false, 'type' => 'string', 'sanitize_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'sanitize_key' ), 'description' => __( 'A 12-character Akismet API key. Available at akismet.com/get/', 'akismet' ), ), ), ), array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::DELETABLE, 'permission_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'remote_call_permission_callback' ), 'callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'delete_alert' ), 'args' => array( 'key' => array( 'required' => false, 'type' => 'string', 'sanitize_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'sanitize_key' ), 'description' => __( 'A 12-character Akismet API key. Available at akismet.com/get/', 'akismet' ), ), ), ) ) ); register_rest_route( 'akismet/v1', '/webhook', array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::CREATABLE, 'callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'receive_webhook' ), 'permission_callback' => array( 'Akismet_REST_API', 'remote_call_permission_callback' ), ) ); } /** * Get the current Akismet API key. * * @param WP_REST_Request $request * @return WP_Error|WP_REST_Response */ public static function get_key( $request = null ) { return rest_ensure_response( Akismet::get_api_key() ); } /** * Set the API key, if possible. * * @param WP_REST_Request $request * @return WP_Error|WP_REST_Response */ public static function set_key( $request ) { if ( defined( 'WPCOM_API_KEY' ) ) { return rest_ensure_response( new WP_Error( 'hardcoded_key', __( 'This site\'s API key is hardcoded and cannot be changed via the API.', 'akismet' ), array( 'status'=> 409 ) ) ); } $new_api_key = $request->get_param( 'key' ); if ( ! self::key_is_valid( $new_api_key ) ) { return rest_ensure_response( new WP_Error( 'invalid_key', __( 'The value provided is not a valid and registered API key.', 'akismet' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ) ); } update_option( 'wordpress_api_key', $new_api_key ); return self::get_key(); } /** * Unset the API key, if possible. * * @param WP_REST_Request $request * @return WP_Error|WP_REST_Response */ public static function delete_key( $request ) { if ( defined( 'WPCOM_API_KEY' ) ) { return rest_ensure_response( new WP_Error( 'hardcoded_key', __( 'This site\'s API key is hardcoded and cannot be deleted.', 'akismet' ), array( 'status'=> 409 ) ) ); } delete_option( 'wordpress_api_key' ); return rest_ensure_response( true ); } /** * Get the Akismet settings. * * @param WP_REST_Request $request * @return WP_Error|WP_REST_Response */ public static function get_settings( $request = null ) { return rest_ensure_response( array( 'akismet_strictness' => ( get_option( 'akismet_strictness', '1' ) === '1' ), 'akismet_show_user_comments_approved' => ( get_option( 'akismet_show_user_comments_approved', '1' ) === '1' ), ) ); } /** * Update the Akismet settings. * * @param WP_REST_Request $request * @return WP_Error|WP_REST_Response */ public static function set_boolean_settings( $request ) { foreach ( array( 'akismet_strictness', 'akismet_show_user_comments_approved', ) as $setting_key ) { $setting_value = $request->get_param( $setting_key ); if ( is_null( $setting_value ) ) { // This setting was not specified. continue; } // From 4.7+, WP core will ensure that these are always boolean // values because they are registered with 'type' => 'boolean', // but we need to do this ourselves for prior versions. $setting_value = Akismet_REST_API::parse_boolean( $setting_value ); update_option( $setting_key, $setting_value ? '1' : '0' ); } return self::get_settings(); } /** * Parse a numeric or string boolean value into a boolean. * * @param mixed $value The value to convert into a boolean. * @return bool The converted value. */ public static function parse_boolean( $value ) { switch ( $value ) { case true: case 'true': case '1': case 1: return true; case false: case 'false': case '0': case 0: return false; default: return (bool) $value; } } /** * Get the Akismet stats for a given time period. * * Possible `interval` values: * - all * - 60-days * - 6-months * * @param WP_REST_Request $request * @return WP_Error|WP_REST_Response */ public static function get_stats( $request ) { $api_key = Akismet::get_api_key(); $interval = $request->get_param( 'interval' ); $stat_totals = array(); $request_args = array( 'blog' => get_option( 'home' ), 'key' => $api_key, 'from' => $interval, ); $request_args = apply_filters( 'akismet_request_args', $request_args, 'get-stats' ); $response = Akismet::http_post( Akismet::build_query( $request_args ), 'get-stats' ); if ( ! empty( $response[1] ) ) { $stat_totals[$interval] = json_decode( $response[1] ); } return rest_ensure_response( $stat_totals ); } /** * Get the current alert code and message. Alert codes are used to notify the site owner * if there's a problem, like a connection issue between their site and the Akismet API, * invalid requests being sent, etc. * * @param WP_REST_Request $request * @return WP_Error|WP_REST_Response */ public static function get_alert( $request ) { return rest_ensure_response( array( 'code' => get_option( 'akismet_alert_code' ), 'message' => get_option( 'akismet_alert_msg' ), ) ); } /** * Update the current alert code and message by triggering a call to the Akismet server. * * @param WP_REST_Request $request * @return WP_Error|WP_REST_Response */ public static function set_alert( $request ) { delete_option( 'akismet_alert_code' ); delete_option( 'akismet_alert_msg' ); // Make a request so the most recent alert code and message are retrieved. Akismet::verify_key( Akismet::get_api_key() ); return self::get_alert( $request ); } /** * Clear the current alert code and message. * * @param WP_REST_Request $request * @return WP_Error|WP_REST_Response */ public static function delete_alert( $request ) { delete_option( 'akismet_alert_code' ); delete_option( 'akismet_alert_msg' ); return self::get_alert( $request ); } private static function key_is_valid( $key ) { $request_args = array( 'key' => $key, 'blog' => get_option( 'home' ), ); $request_args = apply_filters( 'akismet_request_args', $request_args, 'verify-key' ); $response = Akismet::http_post( Akismet::build_query( $request_args ), 'verify-key' ); if ( $response[1] == 'valid' ) { return true; } return false; } public static function privileged_permission_callback() { return current_user_can( 'manage_options' ); } /** * For calls that Akismet.com makes to the site to clear outdated alert codes, use the API key for authorization. */ public static function remote_call_permission_callback( $request ) { $local_key = Akismet::get_api_key(); return $local_key && ( strtolower( $request->get_param( 'key' ) ) === strtolower( $local_key ) ); } public static function sanitize_interval( $interval, $request, $param ) { $interval = trim( $interval ); $valid_intervals = array( '60-days', '6-months', 'all', ); if ( ! in_array( $interval, $valid_intervals ) ) { $interval = 'all'; } return $interval; } public static function sanitize_key( $key, $request, $param ) { return trim( $key ); } /** * Process a webhook request from the Akismet servers. * * @param WP_REST_Request $request * @return WP_Error|WP_REST_Response */ public static function receive_webhook( $request ) { Akismet::log( array( 'Webhook request received', $request->get_body() ) ); /** * The request body should look like this: * array( * 'key' => '1234567890abcd', * 'endpoint' => '[comment-check|submit-ham|submit-spam]', * 'comments' => array( * array( * 'guid' => '[...]', * 'result' => '[true|false]', * 'comment_author' => '[...]', * [...] * ), * array( * 'guid' => '[...]', * [...], * ), * [...] * ) * ) * * Multiple comments can be included in each request, and the only truly required * field for each is the guid, although it would be friendly to include also * comment_post_ID, comment_parent, and comment_author_email, if possible to make * searching easier. */ // The response will include statuses for the result of each comment that was supplied. $response = array( 'comments' => array(), ); $endpoint = $request->get_param( 'endpoint' ); switch ( $endpoint ) { case 'comment-check': $webhook_comments = $request->get_param( 'comments' ); if ( ! is_array( $webhook_comments ) ) { return rest_ensure_response( new WP_Error( 'malformed_request', __( 'The \'comments\' parameter must be an array.', 'akismet' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ) ); } foreach ( $webhook_comments as $webhook_comment ) { $guid = $webhook_comment['guid']; if ( ! $guid ) { // Without the GUID, we can't be sure that we're matching the right comment. // We'll make it a rule that any comment without a GUID is ignored intentionally. continue; } // Search on the fields that are indexed in the comments table, plus the GUID. // The GUID is the only thing we really need to search on, but comment_meta // is not indexed in a useful way if there are many many comments. This // should help narrow it down first. $queryable_fields = array( 'comment_post_ID' => 'post_id', 'comment_parent' => 'parent', 'comment_author_email' => 'author_email', ); $query_args = array(); $query_args['status'] = 'any'; $query_args['meta_key'] = 'akismet_guid'; $query_args['meta_value'] = $guid; foreach ( $queryable_fields as $queryable_field => $wp_comment_query_field ) { if ( isset( $webhook_comment[ $queryable_field ] ) ) { $query_args[ $wp_comment_query_field ] = $webhook_comment[ $queryable_field ]; } } $comments_query = new WP_Comment_Query( $query_args ); $comments = $comments_query->comments; if ( ! $comments ) { // Unexpected, although the comment could have been deleted since being submitted. Akismet::log( 'Webhook failed: no matching comment found.' ); $response['comments'][ $guid ] = array( 'status' => 'error', 'message' => __( 'Could not find matching comment.', 'akismet' ) ); continue; } if ( count( $comments ) > 1 ) { // Two comments shouldn't be able to match the same GUID. Akismet::log( 'Webhook failed: multiple matching comments found.', $comments ); $response['comments'][ $guid ] = array( 'status' => 'error', 'message' => __( 'Multiple comments matched request.', 'akismet' ) ); continue; } else { // We have one single match, as hoped for. Akismet::log( 'Found matching comment.', $comments ); $current_status = wp_get_comment_status( $comments[0] ); $result = $webhook_comment['result']; if ( 'true' == $result ) { Akismet::log( 'Comment should be spam' ); // The comment should be classified as spam. if ( 'spam' != $current_status ) { // The comment is not classified as spam. If Akismet was the one to act on it, move it to spam. if ( Akismet::last_comment_status_change_came_from_akismet( $comments[0]->comment_ID ) ) { Akismet::log( 'Comment is not spam; marking as spam.' ); wp_spam_comment( $comments[0] ); Akismet::update_comment_history( $comments[0]->comment_ID, '', 'webhook-spam' ); } else { Akismet::log( 'Comment is not spam, but it has already been manually handled by some other process.' ); Akismet::update_comment_history( $comments[0]->comment_ID, '', 'webhook-spam-noaction' ); } } } else if ( 'false' == $result ) { Akismet::log( 'Comment should be ham' ); // The comment should be classified as ham. if ( 'spam' == $current_status ) { Akismet::log( 'Comment is spam.' ); // The comment is classified as spam. If Akismet was the one to label it as spam, unspam it. if ( Akismet::last_comment_status_change_came_from_akismet( $comments[0]->comment_ID ) ) { Akismet::log( 'Akismet marked it as spam; unspamming.' ); wp_unspam_comment( $comments[0] ); akismet::update_comment_history( $comments[0]->comment_ID, '', 'webhook-ham' ); } else { Akismet::log( 'Comment is not spam, but it has already been manually handled by some other process.' ); Akismet::update_comment_history( $comments[0]->comment_ID, '', 'webhook-ham-noaction' ); } } } $response['comments'][ $guid ] = array( 'status' => 'success' ); } } break; case 'submit-ham': case 'submit-spam': // Nothing to do for submit-ham or submit-spam. break; default: // Unsupported endpoint. break; } /** * Allow plugins to do things with a successfully processed webhook request, like logging. * * @since 5.3.2 * * @param WP_REST_Request $request The REST request object. */ do_action( 'akismet_webhook_received', $request ); Akismet::log( 'Done processing webhook.' ); return rest_ensure_response( $response ); } } ‘It’s always in people’s minds’ | Modern Business International
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HomeINVESTING'It's always in people's minds'

‘It’s always in people’s minds’

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Several Tesla electric vehicles are parked in front of a Tesla service center in the Kearny Mesa region, in San Diego, California, U.S., October 31, 2023. 

Abhirup Roy | Reuters

Marko Sustic has bet big on Tesla this year.

The investor, who also happens to work in the European auto industry, bought Tesla shares nearly every month in 2023 and has almost doubled the size of his position over the course of the year. Sustic has no other electric vehicle holdings out of a belief that competitors won’t be able to beat Tesla’s technology.

“There is no catching up with them,” said the 32-year-old, who also has two Tesla cars at his home in Croatia. “It’s just a matter of time when the stock will explode.”

Sustic isn’t alone. Tesla, which entered the S&P 500 three years ago this week, is on pace to attract the largest flow of individual investor dollars of any security in 2023, according to data from Vanda Research. The firm calculates net inflows to find these favorites, subtracting the amount of stock sold from what was bought.

That means Tesla will eclipse even the SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY), which tracks the largest stock market index in the world. This underscores the stock’s fast ascent to retail-investor glory, as Tesla wasn’t even among the top 20 stocks that individual investors bought before 2019, Vanda data shows.

A banner year

Tesla’s increasing favor among retail traders can be tied to its comeback in 2023, according to Christopher Schwarz, a finance professor at the University of California Irvine. After plunging 65% in 2022, the Elon Musk-led stock has more than doubled in 2023.

The stock has outperformed the market this year in tandem with other mega-cap technology stocks dubbed the “Magnificent 7.” Many investors looking to play “disruptive” technology in this elite group have focused on Tesla and chipmaker Nvidia. But after more than tripling this year thanks to an appetite for all things tied to artificial intelligence, Schwarz said Nvidia may be too expensive for many individual investors.

Schwarz researches retail trader behavior, and thinks a lot of attention comes from Musk. The Tesla CEO’s contentious purchase of X, formerly known as Twitter, has brought increased media coverage as well as scrutiny of the billionaire business mogul, Schwarz said.

When faced with thousands of stocks to choose from, Schwarz said individual traders mainly look for names that grab their attention, are familiar and have saliency to current trends. Given Musk’s persona, the growing ubiquity of Teslas on the road and concerns about climate change, Schwarz said Tesla checks many boxes for everyday investors.

“It’s always in people’s minds to trade when they’re looking for something to trade,” Schwarz said.

Stock Chart IconStock chart icon

Tesla over the last 5 years

‘That was a bargain’

Elon Musk speaks onstage during The New York Times Dealbook Summit 2023 at Jazz at Lincoln Center on November 29, 2023 in New York City. 

Slaven Vlasic | Getty Images

Still, he’s all in on Tesla’s story, citing the push into robots and AI chips as cause for long-term optimism. His only serious concern would be if Musk left and the company’s performance worsened.

“If you can find a company that makes a product that people love, and it’s different than anything that other people have, then you have that chance to really make substantial money,” Ford said. “At some point, I do believe that I’ll look back at the price of the stock now and go, ‘Wow, that was a bargain.'”

‘Guts and heart’

Despite Tesla’s strong year on Wall Street and Main Street, others see challenges ahead. Roth MKM analyst Craig Irwin said profit margins could come under pressure from additional price cuts amid cooling growth.

But that may not dent individual investors’ enthusiasm. In fact, Irwin said the stock could be a beneficiary of turbulence in the electric vehicle industry, because any uncertainty would lead investors to companies like Tesla that have proven they can design, make and sell vehicles.

Given their affinity for the brand, retail investors may also stick with Tesla longer than institutional investors, Irwin said. That could keep Tesla stock “levitating” above where it would otherwise be priced.

“Retail tends to trade on guts and heart,” Irwin said. “And a lot of people love Tesla.”

Changes in individual investor sentiment are so key to Tesla’s stock performance that hedge funds take note of these trends when evaluating what to do, the analyst noted earlier this year.

Irwin is in the majority on Wall Street in giving Tesla a neutral rating of no more than “hold,” neither recommending it be bought nor sold. Following 2023’s rebound, the average analyst surveyed by LSEG sees the stock falling about 13% over the next year.

Individual investors have often been the butt of the joke, with investing experts pointing to their inability to time the market and best allocate their money.

Yet individual traders have gained attention following the rise of short-squeezed “meme” stocks during the pandemic. Even as that craze fizzled, retail trading remains popular: Everyday investors put more than four times the amount of money into their 20 most-bought securities in 2023 than they did in all of 2018, according to Vanda data from early December.

For Schwarz, the UC professor, the flight to Tesla this year is complicated.

It’s concerning, he said, if individual investors are making bigger bets on single stocks than funds that invest in diversified indexes, like the S&P 500 ETF. Still, while investments that spread bets across a pool of stocks is safer, trying to pick certain companies is more desirable than not being in the market at all, he said. 

“Traders would be much better off if they just bought [the] index and forgot the password to their brokerage account,” he said. But, “even if Tesla doesn’t do as well as the market, it’s still better than probably just spending it on useless consumption and not participating.”



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